Ngati Kahu Histories Lecture 9

The crown must apologies in a way which is meaningful - this can be done by legislating to restore Ngati Kahu whenua and taonga.  This needs to be done so that they can't ignore it.

State own enterprise land - land that was put aside in the 1980s

The govt began privatising land in the 1980s when they realised they didn't have legal title for the land it occupied.  They then began allocating this land into corporate entities such as crown forests, land corp stations etc making it 'private land'.

Intellectual property is about protecting the language and stories.

Settlements are not what they seem.  The govt may report a 20m settlement but this is the value they deem it to be not what is given.  Iwi then need to use any money given to buy back their  lands.

Ngati Kahu Histories Week 8

 The doctrine of discovery is the basis of racism in this country and is based on the belief that white white Christians are better than all other peoples.

Following this all members of the United nations had to sign up to the convention and pass legislation to outlaw racism in your country.  This didn't happen here until the 1970s.  

Many people of the years have gone to the Pope to ask the Vatican to repudiate (refuse to accept; reject) the Doctrine of Discovery.  To this day it has still not been done.

The Doctrine of Discovery is currently used to squash all Treaty claims.

It vests wealth, power and privilege in pakeha.

Racism is an attitude that you acquire or develop.  You are not born racist.  

Definition:  The attitudinal or ideological phenomenon that accepts that people can be classified into ‘races’ ... [which] can be ranked in terms of superiority and inferiority, and, when present in those in power, justifies them using that power to discriminate against and deprive others of what is rightfully theirs on the basis of their race.

What it does:  It structures social and political relationships and derives from a history of European colonialism. Is used as a justification in the oppression of colonised, non-European people and the maintenance of inequity in favour of Europeans who fear loss of their privilege, power and prosperity if racism is eliminated.

George Gips, governor of NSW was instructing Hobson.  He said once you declare sovereignty over somewhere that means the Crown owns all the Land.  This is simply not true.
The colonial office in London in the 1840s tried to say this was not right but Hobson didn't listen.

There were NO land sales prior to the time that Maori could speak english.  There is NO word in Maori which means to buy or sell.  This was not a word which can be found before the 1890s.   Therefore there can have been no understood land sales before this time as a concept was not one known to Maori.

They covered up the stealing of land using other made up terms; surplus land (wrongly claimed after 1840),  scrip lands, Crown grant, Crown purchase, consideration (see slides for explanation of terms).

"by fieat" if a pakeha wanted to claim a piece of land the crown would say, no you cant have it but (by fieat" it will become Crown land.

Maori would often say "We don't know how the pakeha got this land but they keep telling us that it is theirs."  This is often how the got the land.  The crown would just issue titles and allocate the titles and say that they now own it.

The pakeha who arrived here were very impoverished.  The Maori felt sorry for the and allowed them to come into the hapu and gave them land to stay on - after 1840 the missionaries said these had been land sales and went and claimed them.  This was not the intention, it was on the understanding that they would be staying there together. Tuku whenua.

Taipa / Oruru was land tuku whenua to a doctor, Samuel Ford, who claimed he would cure illness of the people which had come from the pakeha.  He didnt do this he went away and claimed script to take the land.

Tuku whenua was prior to the 1840.

After this was crown purchases which were actually land seizures.
When the Maori wouldn't give up the land they played divide and rule until they got what they wanted.  This continues today with Treaty Settlements.  The process is effectively the same.

Because of the Doctrine of Discovery if the Crown said they wanted it the Crown would take it.
We're white, we're supreme, We'll take it.

After claiming the land a lot of the pakeha didn't turn up so Maori were still on the land.
To drive out the Maori they used things such as the native land court, if you wanted this you went and found out if this Maori had any debts anywhere if they did the pakeha would pay the debt and then go and see the Maori and say I have paid your debts so now you have to give me your land.

Ngati Kahu Histories Lecture 6

Kākaitawhiti pp.91-94 A powerful ancestor who was responsible for Te Patu (spiritual portals, connectors between here and Hawaiiki.

There are portals at Maungataniwha and Hukatere.

Hukatere is not the little hill where you drive onto the beach, Hukatere is actually out in the sea.

Hukatere is extremely important to Te Paatu as that is where Kākaitawhiti is buried.

Ngati Kahu and Te Paatu have never said they agree to just be advisors over Te Oneroa-a-Tohe as some other iwi have.

Te Paatu,Ngāti,Kahu,Te Rarawa,Ngai Takoto and Ngāti Kuri all hold Mana Whenua over Te Oneroa-a-Tōhē.

Te Ikanui

How did you (hapu / area) get your name?

Where are the resources? (of the sea, land, bush)  What has happened to them?  Where are they now?

What can we do now to restore resources?

Can look into the specific resources; birds, fish, shellfish etc.

Connect the students in the class and their families with the hapu and rohe.

Please be careful with the pronunciation of names;

Oru wai ti

Mango nui

Tai pa

Pama puria

Ngati Kahu Lecture 5

 

Matarahurahu:
The causeway cut off the river that comes down and killed off most of the kaimoana which was there.

Problems are exacerbated by the run off from farms and other developments in the area.

Still to this day begging the council to remove the causeway and replace it with a bridge to restore the health, the mauri of the Mangonui Harbour.  The whole harbour has been affected by this causeway.

The pa of Ruakaramea is where the Police Station now sits.  This is wahi tapu and should have ever been built upon / very dangerous to build upon.  

It is very offensive that their is a building here upon this wahi tapu site.

Ngāti Ruaiti:

Wai = water  te toki= adaz 

There are stone here that are perfect for making toki.  Very famous area for this stone resource.

Their tupuna is kahutianui's mother Kahukurariki as opposed to kahutianui herself.

Te Pa o Moehuri is what we know as Butler's Point.  This is where Moehuri lived.

Ngati Kahu Lecture 4

Pepeha are about identifying where the territories are and identifying the key identifiers for individual hapu.  Where we (they) exercise mana whenua.

Maitai is actually the name of the pa site only.  The correct name for maitai bay is Ōmāhuri and the name of the sea here / the bay itself is Ōhungahunga.

Toke - worm rau = 100.
story about an invasion coming in and the people turned themselves into worms to get away and be able to comeback and meet the invasion.

Toka - fishing ground rau - 100

Te Whanau Moana use Tokerau. But Tokarau is also heard.

Rotopotaka (Coca-Cola lake) - the brown colour comes from the chemicals that are in the water which is very good for the skin and the hair.  This is why many go there to swim.

Waiporohita = wai = water porohita = circle = circle lake.

The phosphorescence that appears at night around Ngaromaki relates to the story of Te Parata and Ngaromaki island. (this is not the main Ta Parata but would be one of his descendants).

The word Maori has only been used since the arrival of the pakeha.  As it was used to mean "the ordinary folk" as in the ones who were already here.  In the story of the tūrehua (fairy folk) where it says the tūrehua were being hassled by the Maori what is means here is the human beings not specifically the Maori themselves.

Whatu = rock whiwhi = to be ensnared or to get hold of 
therefore Whatuwhihi refers to the rock that was ensnared in a net.  This is why Whatuwhiwhi is not the whole area as it is referred to today but the area in which the marae sits.

Ngati Kahu Lecture 3

He Whakaputanga o te Rangatiratanga

 Larger numbers of pakeha started coming north around the 1830s.

The bulk of pakeha coming where living in Kororareka (Russell) and were very lawless.  They caused the rangatira lots of anguish as they lived lawlessly and did not live by the tikanga.

Due to this lawlessness the rangatira went on a diplomatic mission to England to meet with the king, to get him to take control over the lawless subjects living in Aotearoa.

Upon return they shared the declaration (He Whakaputanga o te Rangatiratanga) the King of England acknowledged that the lawless were causing problems and that he would send a representative to help control them.  

Mainly a northern constitutional document, others around the country may not be familiar with it however this is the basis of Te Tiriti.

The British Crown has never accorded it recognition in New Zealand law and hence it has been denied any legal effect.

This is the founding constitutional document, regardless of it being ignored.  This is a main reason that we now need to begin teaching about these documents,

Despite this document which stated that all sovereignty or lawmaking powers remained with the hapu.  However as this was not followed by the pakeha they decided to enter into a treaty (Te Tiriti) and accept help from the king to control the lawless pakeha.

Te Tiriti o Waitangi

Te Tiriti o Waitangi - Allowed the Queen or her agent to trade for use rights to lands of hapū for prices agreed by agent and landowner.  This was intended to be like a lease so when the time of use was up the land would be given back to the hapu.

Only 30 people at Waikato Heads signed the English version after being told that it was the same as the Maori one.  This was therefore signed under false pretences.

No one signed the English Treaty at Waitangi as they did not agree to it.  They all refused.  When Hobson took it around the country he changed it and tricked people into signing it, claiming that it was the Treaty.

Following this he made a declaration that NZ was now under English sovereignty.

For the lesson plan

We need to use the history from Ngati Kahu iwi and hapu.

Te Ikanui Kingi-Waiaua's Session

2014 Waitangi Tribunal report is the best one around He Whakaputanga and Te Tiriti, the Declaration and the Treaty.
Full Report (recommended).
Maori Law Review Summary (self found).

In terms of the lesson plan:
Concentrate on what in practical terms want us to be able to USE the lesson plans we create.  Use whatever we have access to; the powerpoints, lecture videos, anything you can get your hands on.

Te Tiriti was supposed to be a declaration of friendship and goodwill.

He Whakaputanga is the MAIN document (especially in Te tai tokerua) Ngati Kahu sees Te Tiriti as an add on to He Whakaputanga to try and control the lawlessnes.

Start with He Whakaputanga and what its intention is.
Who are the specific people we can talk about.
Could talk about the flooding and why more didn't / couldn't sign.

More of a unit plan than a lesson plan.  It is totally up to us and how long it takes and what approach you use.

Do need to cover both He Whakaputanga and Te Tiriti.  

Focus on the INTENTIONS of the documents.
What should have happened and what actually happened.

Ngati Kahu Lecture 2

 

Mana - power and authority derived from the gods.

Mana is grounded in the spiritual realms.  

BOTH authority and power are required for mana to exist and it must be undertaken in the spiritual realm in which it was delegated.

There are many forms of mana.

Tapu - an area or thing set aside and dedicated to a god

Taonga - anything that is precious and highly prized.

Hauora = the breath of life (hau = breath) + (ora = life).

Tane distributed the responsibilities between himself and his 6 brothers (Tangaroa, Rongo, Tūmatauenga, Haumia-tike-tike, Rū-ai-moko and Tāwhirimātea.)  He took responsibility for the forest and birds but also of lots of other things; it is for this reason that he is known by many different names of which are listed below.

Tangaroa – deity responsibility for seas, carving

Tūmatauenga – deity responsibility for man, war, destruction

Rongomātāne – deity responsibility for peace, cultivated vegetables (he hid himself in his mother Papatuankuku).

Haumia-tike-tike – deity responsibility for uncultivated vegetables

Rū-ai-moko – deity responsibility for volcanoes, earthquakes (was unborn when his parents were separated).

Tāwhirimātea – deity responsibility for winds, storms, weather. (Was very angry at his brothers for separating their parents so he want with his father away from his mother and brothers.)

Tane created people therefore all Maori people come from the land this is why whenua (land) is so important and needs to be protected as it is who they are and where they come from (as in their mother).

Tikanga - the correct way to carry something out in Maori cultural terms.

                 for Maori tikanga is law.  Tikanga is Maori law.

Tikanga varies from hapu to hapu however their underlying tikanga which are common throughout.

Underlying values help to create the tikanga for a particular event or instance.  

Kaitiaki - kai- prefixed to a verb means the doer of the action

                 tiaki – base meaning translates as ‘look after, care for, guard’

Kaitiakitanga is the role played by the kaitiaki.

Whanaungatanga - the manner in which everyone in a community is related genealogically

This in fundamentally important to Maori.  You MUST know how you are related to each other.

Rangatira/Rangatiratanga

A rangatira is a person of mana who can lead the people by holding them together

ranga ‘shoal (of fish)’ raranga ‘plait, weave’

tira ‘group of people’

The rangatira needs to be able to look after their people in all ways, house them, feed them, clothe them, employ them etc. etc.

Rangatiratanga is the exercise of mana – power and authority derived from the gods.

Utu

In order to make sure that everything is balanced their needs to be respect, balance and harmony between people so that mana is respected and everyone can live in peace.

To maintain the balance between people.

Part 2: Ikanui Kingi-Waiaua

It was reiterated that as far as Ngati kahu are concerned Ngati Kahu tikanga is Ngati Kahu Law.

In the classroom from year 6 down this is the area of Social Studies is where we can meaningfully talk about the above areas.

How might we as educators break this down?

We need to look at this over a long term to be able to unpack and explore it properly.

How can we use tuakana / teina tanga within these lesson plans?

Teach it through the area of the curriculum you are most passionate about and most confident and comfortable teaching through.

Ngati Kahu elders use ru-ai-moko not ru-a-moko.

Dave wants us to begin our day from next week with Taupara 1.1

As well as us beginning to learn the Ngati Kahu Chant on Page 4.

Ngati Kahu Session 1

 Ask the question of Anahera as to what they think pakeha pepeha should be based on?

Key Points from Lecture:

• Ngati Kahu is named after Kahutianui.
• Find out which marae our tamariki belong to.
• Iwi sea territories go back to hawaiiki 
• Maori don't count time in years, they count in generations - not how many years people have been in a place but for how many generations.
• Stories differ and have variations as it is how they are handed down form individual tupuna, therefore there is not right and wrong variation of a story.  However it is important to know the version that was handed down to Ngati Kahu.

Full, proper name of Puwheke = te upoko o te wheke = the head of the octopus.

2 eyes are visible facing the sea.  8 arms a visible from the air.

No longer blocking the harbour entrance but moved down the beach a bit.

Between the 2 bays at Maitai is the original pa site.

2 different whanau settled here.

Whatuwhiwhi settlement of today is not the original settlement.  The actual place of Whatuwhiwhi is where the marae it.

Rangiawhia = to circumnavigate in one day.  This is the name of the mountain range out Karikari and was the name of the school.  This used to be an island but is no longer.

There were other waka.  Each hapu will have korero around other waka as well as Mamaru.

Everyone will talk about Mamaru.

Ruakaramea also came into Mangonui.

All students to lean the Ngati Kahu pepeha on page 4 of the book.

Maungataniwha is the whole range going across from Hokianga to ____and is the maunga of Ngati Kahu (again different hapu will also identify with different other maunga.

The logo of the Ngati kahu rununga is a depiction of Te Parata on the Mamaru waka.

Tauparapara on page 1 need to be learnt but more importantly to be understood.  They are explained on pages 2 -3.  Not the translation but what they actually mean.

The waiata we will learn is more than 100 years old.

The purpose of the tauparapara 1.1.1 is to lay the foundation of who you are and where you are from.

Tumoana:

Tu = stand.  Moana = water.  Tumoana is named as he was at home on the sea.  He could stand in any weather on the sea.  This was his environment.  He was comfortable on the sea.

What is his relationship to Te Parata?

Tumoana was Kahutianui's father.  Tumoana would have been born about a generation before Te Parata.

When Tumoana arrived back at Hawaiiki he gifted his waka the Tinana to Te Parata so that he could travel back to Tauora to Kahutianui.  Te Parata made changes to the boat to make it bigger, they put a sail on which was uniquely bigger than what a normal sail would have been, he renamed it Mamaru.

Rangatira

What is a rangatira?  What qualities do rangatira have.  

As an aside:

Ruakaramea was captained by Moehuri a great, big, huge shark guided him into Mangonui harbour.

The Ruakaramea made landfall in front of where the Mangonui Courthouse now stands that is why it is called Mangonui.

Moehuri had a son, Tukiato  (said tu key ar to) the shark was very sacred and he and his friends killed the shark and he was therefore banished.